Circulating tumour cells and hypercoagulability: a lethal relationship in metastatic breast cancer

Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) are a marker of poor prognosis and are associated with increased risk of venous thromboembolism in metastatic breast cancer     

Evolving Radiotherapy Techniques in Paediatric Oncology

Aims

Childhood cancer is rare and survival of childhood cancer has increased up to 80% at 5 years after diagnosis. Radiotherapy is an important element of the multimodal treatment concept. However, due to growing tissue, children are particularly sensitive to radiation-related side-effects and the induction of secondary malignancies. However, radiotherapy techniques have continuously progressed. In addition, modern treatment concepts have been improved in order to minimise long-term effects. Today, radiotherapy is used for various tumour types in childhood, such as sarcomas and tumours of the central nervous system.

肺鳞癌治疗新靶点FGFR的研究进展

肺癌是目前全球发病率和死亡率均居前列的恶性肿瘤，其中肺鳞癌经手术、放化疗等综合治疗后，其疗效仍不满意。随着分子靶向治疗在肺腺癌中取得了令人瞩目的成果，而肺鳞癌患者中EGFR基因突变及ALK融合基因少见，急需探索新的靶点指导肺鳞癌患者的临床治疗。研究表明，FGFR家族（FGFR1-4）是肺鳞癌中突变频率较高的基因，FGFR基因的激活突变和扩增与肺鳞癌的发生和发展密切相关，同时许多小分子 FGFR 抑制剂在临床应用中已经取得较好的治疗效果。目前，许多FGFR抑制剂治疗肺鳞癌的临床试验也正在进行研究，针对FGFR靶点的基因治疗可为肺鳞癌的治疗提供一种新的策略。本文就FGFR在肺鳞癌的靶向治疗中的最新研究进展进行综述。     

Proposition de délinéation des volumes cibles tumoraux et sélection des aires ganglionnaires des cancers de la glande parotide

Salivary glands tumours are uncommon tumours showing a large diversity of histological types. This article presents a synthesis of patterns and paths of invasion of parotid glands tumours in order to propose an approach of the delineation of primary tumour clinical target volumes and of the selection of lymph nodes target volumes. This article does not discuss treatment indications but defines clinical target volumes to treat if radiotherapy is indicated. Postoperative situation being the most frequent, the delineation of primary tumour clinical target volume is based on an anatomical approach.     

Biperiden and mepazine effectively inhibit MALT1 activity and tumor growth in pancreatic cancer

MALT1 is a key mediator of NF-κB signaling and a main driver of B-cell lymphomas. Remarkably, MALT1 is expressed in the majority of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) as well, but absent from normal exocrine pancreatic tissue. Following, MALT1 shows off to be a specific target in cancer cells of PDAC without affecting regular pancreatic cells. Therefore, we studied the impact of pharmacological MALT1 inhibition in pancreatic cancer and showed promising effects on tumor progression. Mepazine (Mep), a phenothiazine derivative, is a known potent MALT1 inhibitor. Newly, we described that biperiden (Bip) is a potent MALT1 inhibitor with even less pharmacological side effects. Thus, Bip is a promising drug leading to reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis in PDAC cells in vitro and in vivo. By compromising MALT1 activity, nuclear translocation of c-Rel is prevented. c-Rel is critical for NF-κB-dependent inhibition of apoptosis. Hence, off-label use of Bip or Mep represents a promising new therapeutic approach to PDAC treatment. Regularly, the Anticholinergicum Bip is used to treat neurological side effects of Phenothiazines, like extrapyramidal symptoms.     

luminal型乳腺癌患者戈舍瑞林用药依从性现状及影响因素分析

目的了解luminal型乳腺癌患者戈舍瑞林用药依从性情况，分析影响其依从性的相关因素。 方法根据纳入及排除标准，收集2015年1月至2017年12月重庆医科大学附属第一医院内分泌乳腺外科使用戈舍瑞林治疗的luminal型乳腺癌女性患者174例进行回顾性分析。中位随访时间16个月(范围：1～54个月)，完成随访154例，失访20例，失访率为11.5%(20/174)。采用问卷调查评价其用药依从性，使用χ²检验和Mann-Whitney U检验比较不同特征患者依从性的差异；用Logistic回归分析影响患者依从性的相关因素。将患者分为≤40岁(103例)和>40岁(51例)2个亚组，进行亚组分析。 结果在完成随访的154例患者中，依从性好82例(53.2%，82/154)，依从性差72例(46.8%，72/154)。≤40岁组患者中，55.3%(57/103)依从性好，而>40岁组患者中仅49.0%(25/51)依从性好。全部患者中，文化程度、医保类型、不良反应和是否了解疗程时间均与乳腺癌患者戈舍瑞林用药依从性有关(χ²＝13.586、13.042、7.880、14.251，P均<0.050)；Logistic回归分析结果显示：高中及以下学历、居民医保和不了解戈舍瑞林的疗程时间为影响依从性的危险因素(OR＝2.772，95%CI：1.243～6.183，P＝0.013；OR＝5.188，95%CI：1.383～19.465，P＝0.015; OR＝3.363，95%CI：1.645～6.878，P＝0.001)。亚组分析显示：文化程度、职业、医保类型和是否了解疗程时间是≤40岁患者戈舍瑞林用药依从性的影响因素(χ²＝15.992、5.978、7.701、10.376，P均<0.050)；不良反应及医保类型是>40岁患者用药依从性的影响因素(χ²＝4.763、7.471，P均<0.050)。Logistic回归分析表明：高中及以下文化程度和不了解疗程时间是≤40岁患者用药依从性的危险因素(OR＝5.126，95%CI：2.086～12.598，P<0.001; OR＝3.631, 95%CI：1.500～8.792，P＝0.004)；居民医保是>40岁患者用药依从性的危险因素(OR＝64.315，95%CI：2.513～1 646.042，P＝0.012)，不良反应是>40岁患者用药依从性的保护因素OR＝0.189，95%CI＝0.047～0.759，P＝0.019)。 结论luminal型乳腺癌患者戈舍瑞林用药依从性较差，文化程度、医保类型及是否了解疗程时间都可能影响患者的依从性。≤40岁组和>40岁组患者依从性有差异，且影响因素不同，建议对不同年龄患者用药采用不同的干预措施。     

Correlation of PD-L1 Expression with Tumor Mutation Burden and Gene Signatures for Prognosis in Early-Stage Squamous Cell Lung Carcinoma

Objectives

Anti–programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunotherapy has demonstrated success in the treatment of advanced NSCLC. Recently, PD-1/PD-L1 blockade also has demonstrated interesting results in small trials of neoadjuvant treatment in stage IB to IIIA NSCLC. In addition, several clinical trials using anti–PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy as an adjuvant or neoadjuvant treatment in patients with resectable stage NSCLC are ongoing. However, few analyses of anti–PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy–related biomarkers in early-stage squamous cell lung carcinoma (SqCLC) have been reported. In this study, we evaluated PD-L1 protein expression, tumor mutation burden, and expression of an immune gene signature in early-stage SqCLC, providing data for identifying the potential role for patients with anti–PD-1/PD-L1 treatment in early-stage SqCLC.

Mailed fecal immunochemical test outreach for colorectal cancer screening: Summary of a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–sponsored Summit

Uptake of colorectal cancer screening remains suboptimal. Mailed fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) offers promise for increasing screening rates, but optimal strategies for implementation have not been well synthesized. In June 2019, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention convened a meeting of subject matter experts and stakeholders to answer key questions regarding mailed FIT implementation in the United States. Points of agreement included: 1) primers, such as texts, telephone calls, and printed mailings before mailed FIT, appear to contribute to effectiveness; 2) invitation letters should be brief and easy to read, and the signatory should be tailored based on setting; 3) instructions for FIT completion should be simple and address challenges that may lead to failed laboratory processing, such as notation of collection date; 4) reminders delivered to initial noncompleters should be used to increase the FIT return rate; 5) data infrastructure should identify eligible patients and track each step in the outreach process, from primer delivery through abnormal FIT follow-up; 6) protocols and procedures such as navigation should be in place to promote colonoscopy after abnormal FIT; 7) a high-quality, 1-sample FIT should be used; 8) sustainability requires a program champion and organizational support for the work, including sufficient funding and external policies (such as quality reporting requirements) to drive commitment to program investment; and 9) the cost effectiveness of mailed FIT has been established. Participants concluded that mailed FIT is an effective and efficient strategy with great potential for increasing colorectal cancer screening in diverse health care settings if more widely implemented.